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		<h1 id="headline" itemprop="url headline name">How Butterflies Get Their Shine</h1>
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<ul class="entry-header">
	
	<li class="author">By&nbsp;<a rel="author" href="http://www.wired.com/author/gwenpearson/">Gwen Pearson</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>

	<li class="entryDate"><time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2014-12-22T12:03:46-05:00">12.22.14</time>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#124;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
	<li class="entryTime">12:03 pm&nbsp;&nbsp;&#124;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>

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			<span itemprop="articleBody"><div id="attachment_1687335" style="width: 670px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="http://www.wired.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/morpho-ft.jpg"><img src="http://www.wired.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/morpho-ft-660x440.jpg" alt="Shiny Morpho butterflies are prized for their intense, shiny blue." width="660" height="440" class="size-660-single-full wp-image-1687335" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Shiny Morpho butterflies are prized for their intense, shiny blue. <img class="photo" src="https://www.wired.com/wp-content/themes/wired/assets/images/gallery-cam@2x.png"> Kena Betancur/Getty Images</p></div>
<p>A shiny <em>Morpho</em> butterfly is a master of nanoscale light bending. That blue isn&#8217;t from a pigment &#8212; it&#8217;s light reflecting off scales built from the same strings of sugars that the rest of the insect&#8217;s skeleton is made of. A butterfly scale is basically a <a title="Homolog of bristles" href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822%2898%2970322-7" target="_blank">big, flat hair</a> made of chitin.</p>
<p>If it&#8217;s all made of the same stuff, why are some parts so shiny, and other parts not? This video <a href="http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/12/16/what-gives-the-morpho-butterfly-its-magnificent-blue/" target="_blank">by KQED</a> explains:</p>
<iframe width="640" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/29Ts7CsJDpg?rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<p><strong>How to Build A Butterfly Wing</strong></p>
<div id="attachment_1687019" style="width: 277px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.06.005"><img class="wp-image-1687019 " src="http://www.wired.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/oatek1-315x345.png" alt="butterfly scales" width="267" height="293" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Detail of a butterfly scale. The blue arrow points at the &#8220;socket cell&#8221;, the origin of the scale. The green arrow points at the &#8220;fingers&#8221; or scalloped edge of the scales. The white bar is 65 µm.<img class="photo" src="https://www.wired.com/wp-content/themes/wired/assets/images/gallery-cam@2x.png" alt="" /> Dinwiddie, et al. 2014</p></div>
<p>The shine of butterflies (<a title="A Beetle With a Raspberry Beret" href="http://www.wired.com/2014/07/a-beetle-with-a-raspberry-beret/" target="_blank">and beetles</a>) is created by incredibly detailed nanostructures of longitudinal ridges and crossribs. They reflect specific wavelengths of light, creating the insect&#8217;s sparkle. The photo at right shows some detail; the white scale bar is is 65 µm long, or 0.0650 mm.</p>
<p>Butterflies extrude their scales during metamorphosis from cells on their epidermis, just like we do with hair. And, just like our hair, the final version of a butterfly&#8217;s scales are not living cells.</p>
<p>The lab profiled in the video <a title="Dynamics of F-actin prefigure the structure of butterfly wing scales" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160614003017">published a new paper</a> this year where they closely examined developing wings from a pupa, the transitional stage between a caterpillar and a butterfly. Their stunning microphotographs document how you build a shiny butterfly from a caterpillar.</p>
<p>Two kinds of cells are involved; scale cells and socket cells. In a caterpillar, they are just ordinary cells, and don&#8217;t have any distinguishing characteristics. But early on in pupal development (7% complete), they begin to organize in rows corresponding to where the future wing will grow. Each butterfly scale is the product of a single scale cell.</p>
<p>The socket cell anchors the scale to the membrane of the insects&#8217; wing; the scale cell pokes through the insect&#8217;s wing surface like a hernia.  The scale cell forms strings of proteins called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin#F-Actin" target="_blank">F-actins</a>, which provides a framework on which the detailed nanostructures of the scales are built. At 28% complete metamorphosis, you can see both cells and ribbed bundles of actins forming. It&#8217;s a ghostly outline of the scale structure to come.</p>
<div id="attachment_1687025" style="width: 670px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.06.005"><img class="wp-image-1687025 size-660-single-full" src="http://www.wired.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/cells2-660x300.png" alt="scale cells" width="660" height="300" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Optical cross-section shows socket cells (<strong>F</strong>: arrowheads), and actin bundles. Scalebar 15 um. Diagram (<strong>G</strong>) at 28% complete metamorphosis shows scale &amp; socket cells with extruded actin bundles. Arrows point at cell nuclei.<img class="photo" src="https://www.wired.com/wp-content/themes/wired/assets/images/gallery-cam@2x.png" alt="" /> From Dinwiddie, et al. 2014</p></div>
<p>Like a pasta maker, the scale cell squeezes out and assembles a lattice of actins. These actins form the template on which the rest of the scale&#8217;s cuticle will be laid down, and foreshadow the fine ribs of the finished scale. At around 64% of the way through metamorphosis, the actin bundles begin to disappear, and the finishing touches are added to the scale. Eventually, the scale cell dies, revealing the finished scale which hardens upon emergence.</p>
<p>And the butterfly flies away, to the delight of everyone.</p>
<hr />
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>Dinwiddie et al. 2014. <a title="More Amazing Photos" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160614003017" target="_blank">Dynamics of F-actin prefigure the structure of butterfly wing scales</a>. Developmental Biology 392(2): 404–418. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.06.005</em></p>
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  });

  ads.injectCSS(" ", "head");


  ads.configureSecondaryPage({
    binding: {
      sponsor: {
        link: "#sponsor-link",
        logo: "#sponsor-logo",
        name: "#sponsor-name"
      },
      title: "#title",
      summary: "#summary",
      content: "#content",
      author: "#author",
      pubDate: "#pub-date",
      image: {
        href: "",
        caption: "#media-caption",
        credits: "#media-credits"
      }
    },
    onFill: function(data) {
      var title = data.title;
      var description = data.summary; 
      var link = window.location.href;
      var image_url = data.image.href;
 
      //Facebook Share button Update
      var APP_ID = "d53bb4300a345fefeeccdfadf717335c"; 
      ads.$('#share-button').bind('click', function(e){
          e.preventDefault();
          url = "https://www.facebook.com/dialog/feed?app_id=" + APP_ID + 
              "&link=" + encodeURIComponent(link) + 
              "&name=" + encodeURIComponent(title) + 
              "&caption=" + encodeURIComponent('Shared from http://www.wired.com') + 
              "&description=" + encodeURIComponent(description) + 
              "&picture=" + encodeURIComponent(image_url) +
              "&redirect_uri=" + encodeURIComponent(link);
          console.log(url);
          window.open(url);
      });
    },
    //onFill: function(data) { console.log(data);},
    onRender: function() { 
      console.log('Sponsored article rendered.'); 
      var images = ads.$('.phoenix-inline-image img');
      // articleFeaturedDiv appears only on Mobify.
      var articleFeaturedDiv = ads.$('#article-featured.image-featured');
      // Check to see if Mobify
      if ((articleFeaturedDiv).length) {
        // For Mobify, this will remove the image within the first instance of class "phoenix-inline-image" and append it to the div with id "article-featured." 
        // This hoists this first main image above the headline in Mobify.
        articleFeaturedDiv.append(images[0]); 
      } else {
          // Add CSS to smaller images for text wrap on Desktop only.
          for (var i = 0; i < images.length; i++) {
            var img = images[i];
            if (img.width < 400){
              ads.$(img).css({"float":"left","padding-right":"1em"});
            }
          }
      }
    },
    //onRender: function() { console.log('Sponsored article rendered.'); },
    onError: function(error) { console.log('Something went wrong with ' + error); },
    track: function() { }
  });

};

  /*

   This function represents a pre-compiled Handlebars template. Pre-compiled
   templates are not pretty, but they provide a very significant performance
   boost, especially on mobile devices. For more information, see
   http://handlebarsjs.com/precompilation.html.

   Note that this code has been generated from the following markup:

<li class="promo-item" id="promo-item-count3" style="background:#f7f7f7;">
    <div class="promo-thumbnail">
        <a href="{{link}}" onclick="s_objectID=&quot;{{title}}_1&quot;;return this.s_oc?this.s_oc(e):true" rel="nofollow">
            <img nopin="nopin" src="{{image.href}}" class="post-thumb" alt="undefined" width="140" height="70">
        </a>
    </div>
    <div class="promo-wrapper">
      <div class="promo-headline"><span style="color:gray;font-size: 13px;font-family: helvetica;line-height: 20px;">Sponsored:</span><br><a class="module-rsswidget" href="{{link}}" onclick="s_objectID=&quot;{{link}}_2&quot;;return this.s_oc?this.s_oc(e):true" rel="nofollow">{{title}}</a>
        </div>
    </div>
</li>

  */

  compiledTemplate0 = function (Handlebars,depth0,helpers,partials,data) {
  this.compilerInfo = [4,'>= 1.0.0'];
helpers = this.merge(helpers, Handlebars.helpers); data = data || {};
  var buffer = "", stack1, stack2, functionType="function", escapeExpression=this.escapeExpression;


  buffer += "<li class=\"promo-item\" id=\"promo-item-count3\" style=\"background:#f7f7f7;\">\n    <div class=\"promo-thumbnail\">\n        <a href=\"";
  if (stack1 = helpers.link) { stack1 = stack1.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); }
  else { stack1 = depth0.link; stack1 = typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1; }
  buffer += escapeExpression(stack1)
    + "\" onclick=\"s_objectID=&quot;";
  if (stack1 = helpers.title) { stack1 = stack1.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); }
  else { stack1 = depth0.title; stack1 = typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1; }
  buffer += escapeExpression(stack1)
    + "_1&quot;;return this.s_oc?this.s_oc(e):true\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n            <img nopin=\"nopin\" src=\""
    + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.image),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.href)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1))
    + "\" class=\"post-thumb\" alt=\"undefined\" width=\"140\" height=\"70\">\n        </a>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"promo-wrapper\">\n      <div class=\"promo-headline\"><span style=\"color:gray;font-size: 13px;font-family: helvetica;line-height: 20px;\">Sponsored:</span><br><a class=\"module-rsswidget\" href=\"";
  if (stack2 = helpers.link) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); }
  else { stack2 = depth0.link; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; }
  buffer += escapeExpression(stack2)
    + "\" onclick=\"s_objectID=&quot;";
  if (stack2 = helpers.link) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); }
  else { stack2 = depth0.link; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; }
  buffer += escapeExpression(stack2)
    + "_2&quot;;return this.s_oc?this.s_oc(e):true\" rel=\"nofollow\">";
  if (stack2 = helpers.title) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); }
  else { stack2 = depth0.title; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; }
  buffer += escapeExpression(stack2)
    + "</a>\n        </div>\n    </div>\n</li>\n\n\n";
  return buffer;
  };

})();

(function(d, s, id) {
  var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];
  if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;}
  js = d.createElement(s);
  js.id = id; js.type = "text/javascript"; js.async = true;
  js.src = "http://plugin.mediavoice.com/plugin.js";
  fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
})(document, "script", "nativeads-plugin");

</script>
<!-- END POLAR --><script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"beacon-1.newrelic.com","licenseKey":"2907deeb56","applicationID":"3708287","transactionName":"YlIEZhNSXxEAABYNW1sYJ1EVWl4MThALClNZUg==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":859,"ttGuid":"","agentToken":"","userAttributes":"","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":"js-agent.newrelic.com\/nr-476.min.js"}</script></body>
</html>
<!-- end wired/footer.php -->